{"id":2180,"date":"2020-09-24T09:01:32","date_gmt":"2020-09-24T07:01:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/?page_id=2180"},"modified":"2023-09-26T21:49:55","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T19:49:55","slug":"eng-version-preview","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/?page_id=2180","title":{"rendered":"Handel G\u00f6ttingen 1920"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>In the year 2020 the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival (IHFG) celebrated its 100<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;anniversary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The St\u00e4dtisches Museum G\u00f6ttingen marked the anniversary with a special exhibition on the early development of the Festival and its eventful history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This multimedia online exhibition looks at the city in 1920 and the zeitgeist which led to the emergence of the \u2018G\u00f6ttingen Handel Renaissance\u2019 and, in turn, to the Festival. Dive into our lively online exhibition!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter .su-button-style-flat:hover span { top: 0; opacity: .8 }\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-vivid-purple-color has-background has-light-green-cyan-background-color no-border-radius\" rel=\"#1\" href=\"#1\">exhibition<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter .su-button-style-flat:hover span { top: 0; opacity: .8 }\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-vivid-purple-color has-background has-light-green-cyan-background-color no-border-radius\" rel=\"#0\" href=\"#0\">film<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter .su-button-style-flat:hover span { top: 0; opacity: .8 }\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-vivid-purple-color has-background has-light-green-cyan-background-color no-border-radius\" rel=\"#5\" href=\"#5\">latest chapter<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-170 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-1250x832.jpg 1250w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/409_3035-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>With the support of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"442\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/logos_klein.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1925\" srcset=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/logos_klein.png 442w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/logos_klein-300x34.png 300w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/logos_klein-400x45.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"0\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\">Trailer <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-12 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/teaser_17.05_down.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong><strong>A century of the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival \u2013 from a local project to an international event<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Watch the film, produced especially for this exhibition, at selected times here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\" style=\"min-height:200px\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(169deg,rgb(144,249,249) 0%,rgb(0,208,132) 29%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"1\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\"><strong>Prologue<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-22 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The performance of the opera<span data-end=\"45820\" data-start=\"1\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A04.mp3\" class=\"soundcite soundcite-loaded soundcite-play\" style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 99.0292%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 100.029%);\">Rodelinde<\/span>  in 1920 marked the \u2018G\u00f6ttingen Handel Renaissance\u2019 and the beginning of the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival, which is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V00_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">On June 26th 1920, Handel\u2019s opera Rodelinda is performed in G\u00f6ttingen. Professionals and amateurs are singing, playing and dancing in the municipal theatre. They are accompanied by the Akademische Orchestervereinigung G\u00f6ttingen, an amateur orchestra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-27 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Handel\u2019s operas are not often put on stage already during his lifetime. Handel\u2019s sacred music, the oratorios and orchestral works such as the <span data-end=\"55820\" data-start=\"1\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A03.mp3\" class=\"soundcite soundcite-loaded soundcite-play\" style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0,0,0,0.15) 99.0292%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 100.029%);\"> Music for the Royal Fireworks<\/span> or the <span data-end=\"55820\" data-start=\"1\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A01.mp3\" class=\"soundcite soundcite-loaded soundcite-play\" style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 99.0292%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05) 100.029%);\">Water Music<\/span> are mainly played. After Handel\u2019s death, his 42 operas have sunk into oblivion for the most part. The last premiere of Rodelinda took place in the year 1734.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Handel is regarded as one of the most important musicians in history. His artistic pursuit includes all musical genres of his day. His main works covers 42 operas, 25 oratorios and famous orchestral works.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Five facts about Handel<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong><strong>George Frideric Handel<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>is born in Halle (on the Saale river) on February 23th 1685<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>as a child, secretly practices playing the clavichord<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>starts writing his first opera in Hamburg in 1703 at the age of 18. In 1706, Handel begins a four-year study tour of Italy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>moves to London in 1712, where he remains for the rest of his life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dies on April 14th 1759 in London and is buried in Westminster Abbey four days later<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-32 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The G\u00f6ttingen opera performance is the ceremonial act of the annual general meeting of the Universit\u00e4tsbund in the year 1920. The singing is made in German but not in Italian, \u201cRodelinda\u201d becomes \u201cRodelinde\u201d. What is more, the arias are intensely abridged. This performance is a great success. There is positive resonance all over Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The so-called Handel renaissance (renaissance = rebirth) starts with the Rodelinde performance. Until the year 1927, the G\u00f6ttingen version of Rodelinde is shown 136 times on 21 stages all over Germany. The Handel operas are back \u2013 and are performed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/v02_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top has-very-dark-gray-color has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-37 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light alignwide\" style=\"min-height:470px\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(158deg,rgb(199,81,192) 5%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-light-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\"><strong>Chapter 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"2\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-41 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 <strong>Small town \u2013 big network: the city of G\u00f6ttingen<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1920 G\u00f6ttingen is a city with scarcely 40,000 inhabitants. They advertise for themselves as \u2018Garden and University City\u2019. The description as \u2018Pensioners\u2019 and University City\u2019 would be more appropriate. More pensioned civil servants than average are living here. In the 20s, G\u00f6ttingen is playfully referred to as \u201cPensionopolis\u201d as well. Industry is barely-there. Approximately 4,200 students are registered in the university.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-45 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The city of G\u00f6ttingen does not only provide the municipal theatre for the performance of Rodelinde but also bears the costs of scenery constructions and costumes. The planned performance has a powerful advocate in the mayor Georg Calsow who is the second chairman of the Universit\u00e4tsbund at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/B21.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/v04_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-50 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The membership list of the Universit\u00e4tsbund indeed shows an amazingly high number of noncitizens of G\u00f6ttingen. But the G\u00f6ttingen names read like a \u201cwho is who\u201d of the city. The rich and powerful civil and academic families meet here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The intersection with the musicians of the Akademische Orchestervereinigung (AOV) is high. Since the orchestra has been opened for female citizens, a growing number of female students, wives and daughters of professors also play in the AOV. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Hence, the staging of Rodelinde has the maximum personnel and financial support by Universit\u00e4tsbund, the city of G\u00f6ttingen and AOV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-54 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 G\u00f6ttingen in the year 1920 \u2013 Hunger for culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">War is over \u2013 but the people are still suffering from its aftermath. Starvation, diseases and inflation weigh upon life. In spite of it all, there is a spirit of optimism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-59 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The emperor has abdicated two years ago (1918), one year ago (1919) the women won the right to vote. Society is changing. New fashion, new art, new music fill with enthusiasm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The forced break caused by the war is brought to an end and cultural activities unfold. In the summer term of the year 1920, 325 female students and 3847 male students are registered in the university. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-64 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The municipal theatre reopens already in the year 1919. They even expand their offer. As of the year 1920, an opera and operetta division is added. The Stadtpark in front of the Albanitor is played at again. This is an event building offering varied programs for the wide public. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Cinemas are very popular. Cinemas opened before the war like the Eden in the market place and the Central in the Barf\u00fcsserstra\u00dfe are now extended. The Central eventually holds 450 seats. 1929 opens the Capitol in the Prinzenstra\u00dfe with 500 seats \u2013 and G\u00f6ttingen has merely ca. 40,000 inhabitants! In addition, there are film shows in the Urania in the Ottfried M\u00fcller house and in the Volkshaus in the Wiesenstra\u00dfe. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-68 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/B20.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V05_en_neu.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-73 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The new mass medium film is accompanied by new impressions and viewing habits. \u201cThe cabinet of Dr Caligari\u201d, an expressionistic film, celebrates great success in the year 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">G\u00f6ttingen isn\u2019t Berlin \u2013 but the \u201cGolden Twenties\u201d cast a modest reflection on our small town, too.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,106,0,0.94) 100%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"3\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\">Chapter 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-79 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>2.1 A network of dedicated persons and institutions <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-85 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Oskar Hagen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>A music-enthusiastic art historian<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Oskar Hagen (1888-1957) is regarded as the founder of the G\u00f6ttingen Handel Festival. He studies art history and musicology in Halle, the city of Handel&#8217;s birth. Here, he becomes acquainted with Handel\u2019s opera scores and is thrilled by the pieces.  As of 1918, Hagen is a private lecturer of art history in G\u00f6ttingen. He is married to Thyra Hagen-Leisner and has two children with her.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1919, Hagen assumes the position of the conductor of the Akademische Orchestervereinigung. Here, he meets Alfred Bertholet who is the chairman of the music committee of the Universit\u00e4tsbund. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In a home-music circle he makes music together with Alfred Bertholet; they jointly rehearse arias from Handel operas with Thyra Hagen-Leisner singing. As early as in the year 1919, they perform some of those arias with the Akademische Orchestervereinigung.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-91 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/V21.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V21_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Bertholet has the idea of putting a Handel opera on stage. Oskar Hagen is thrilled. Hagen becomes he who presses ahead with the realization of this idea. He finds many supporters for that in his circle of acquaintances. He adapts the music and makes many deletions, particularly in the arias, but adds new ones as well. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The revival of Rodelinde in the year 1920 constitutes the \u201cG\u00f6ttingen Handel renaissance\u201d (renaissance = rebirth). This rebirth has many helpers: People, institutions, and the special social situation of that time and in this town.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-95 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>The Akademische Orchestervereinigung (AOV)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>\u00bbChattering during rehearsals is vehemently disapproved\u00ab<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">This remark is to be found in the minutes of December 14, 1904 taken at the gathering of students making music. This group aims at rehearsing works of modern and classical composers. In the year 1906, this student group gives themselves statutes but wants to remain a more loose association nonetheless. However, lecturers, professors and non-academics can now play in this orchestra, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">From 1914 until 1918, the joint activities are interrupted by the war, too. As of the summer term 1919, the rehearsals are resumed. The newly founded Universit\u00e4tsbund takes care of the financial support. Former and a good many new musicians \u2013 also from the lecturers and the civil society \u2013 facilitate a good size of the orchestra. The private lecturer Oskar Hagen assumes the position of the conductor. The Akademische Orchestervereinigung plays Handel\u2019s opera Rodelinde.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-101 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Alfred Bertholet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>\u00bb\u2026a musical event of the first rank\u00ab<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Alfred Robert Felix Bertholet (1868-1951) is professor of religious history. He lectures from 1914 until 1928 at G\u00f6ttingen University. The Swiss Bertholet makes music together with Oskar Hagen in the Akademische Orchestervereinigung. In addition, both play in a private home-concert circle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Bertholet is the first who has the idea of an opera performance. He supports this project from the very beginning. He is the chairman of the music committee of the Universit\u00e4tsbund founded in the year 1918. He is successful in raising the financial support of the Universit\u00e4tsbund. The performance of the opera Rodelinde is sponsored with 20,000 Mark.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-105 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/v22-1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V22_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:11%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-111 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>The Universit\u00e4tsbund G\u00f6ttingen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size has-very-dark-gray-color\"><strong><em>\u00bbPromotion of science, culture and for the benefit of the students\u00ab<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Founded in the year 1918, the Universit\u00e4tsbund assumes the duties of a support association.\nAs such, the association first and foremost raises funds. In addition, they want \u201cto maintain the\ncommunal spirit of all former and current members of the Georgia Augusta\u201d. The association\npublishes own scripts and newsletters and expressly supports students, lecturers, academic back\nstaff and institutions.\nAs early as in the year 1919, research projects, lectures and publications are promoted with the\naid of the funds raised \u2013 and a film projector is bought for the university.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Oberb\u00fcrgermeister Georg Calsow<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Karl Brandi, chairman<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The Universit\u00e4tsbund is open to the urban society. The membership list includes: G\u00f6ttingen merchants, bankers, manufacturers, craftsmen, priest and parsons, generals, teachers, lawyers, pharmacists and a good many other professional groups. The mayor Georg Calsow is a member of the board and deputy chairman. In the year 1919, the Universit\u00e4tsbund has 429 members, in 1921 already 701 members. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The civil and academic society of G\u00f6ttingen is assembled in the Universit\u00e4tsbund. They also form the audience of the Rodelinde performance. On 17 February 1920, the evening of the annual general meeting of the Universit\u00e4tsbund is set for the first performance. Audience is therefore provided.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-115 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-121 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Christine Hoyer-Masing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Who was the director in point of fact?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Direction of performance: Christine Hoyer-Masing (1888-1932). So says the programme on the Rodelinde performance. Hoyer-Masing learns rhythmic dance according to the Dalcrozeschool. \u00c9mile Jacques-Dalcroze teaches the interaction between music and dancing expression. Hoyer-Masing is not mentioned in the reports on the Rodelinde performance. Nor is she mentioned in the recollections of the contemporary witnesses. No photograph of her exists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Still in October 1920, Oskar Hagen writes a report on the performance of the opera Rodelinde in the newsletter of the Universit\u00e4tsbund. She is mentioned there as a performer. However, nothing is said about her work. Hagen gives rise to the impression that he alone is the artistic director. This perspective is assumed by other persons involved, too, and so is adopted in the history of the Handel festival. Christine Hoyer- Masing falls into oblivion. In the years 1920 and 1921, Hoyer-Masing is responsible for the choreography and direction of the opera performances in G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-126 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Concert announcement of the AOV,1919<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Thyra Hagen-Leisner as Theophano,<br>Ottone,1921<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-132 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Thyra Hagen-Leisner<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>On stage and yet in the shade<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Thyra Hagen-Leisner (1888-1938) is a soprano. In the year 1920 she acts and sings the part of Rodelinde in the first performance. The critics praise her singing and theatrical performance. Thyra Hagen-Leisner is married to Oskar Hagen and sings the main female parts in the first four Handel operas staged in G\u00f6ttingen. Appearances are also known within the scope of concerts given by the Akademische Orchestervereinigung. In the house concerts with Oskar Hagen and Alfred Bertholet she takes on the singing. There isn\u2019t much more to learn about her. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the minutes of the Universit\u00e4tsbund she is mentioned as the translator of the Rodelinde libretto (= lyrics). Handel wrote his operas in Italian as was customary in his day. Rodelinde is sung in German. After the success of the Rodelinde performance, Oskar Hagen writes a detailed report on his adaptation of the opera. He doesn\u2019t breathe a word about the work of his wife. Nor do the other \u2013 male \u2013 contemporary witnesses mention that Thyra Hagen-Leisner has translated the Italian texts. Any proofs of Thyra Hagen-Leisner\u2019s further participation in the first Handel festivals in G\u00f6ttingen are not to be found. It must be assumed, though. Probably, she still participates in the adaptation of the opera and the organization of the festivals. Better known than Thyra as a singer is her sister, the alto Emmy Leisner. In the next room of the exhibition, you can hear an extract from <span class=\"soundcite\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A04.mp3\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"53000\" data-plays=\"1\">Rodelinde<\/span> performed by her. The research concerning women productive in music is just in an early stage. They come out of the shadows only slowly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>As Cleopatra in Julius Caesar, 1922<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Minutes from the Universit\u00e4tsbund board meeting on 17 February 1920<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-138 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>l. to r.: Paul Thiersch, Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard, Oskar Hagen (supposedly 1922)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Paul Thiersch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">\u00bb<strong><em>To render the poetry\nvisible via the stage\nsetting\u00ab<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Paul Thiersch (1879-1928) and Oskar Hagen get to know each other in the year\n1917 in Halle. Thiersch is an architect and in charge of the arts\nschool there. In Halle, Oskar Hagen works for him. He assumes the\nmanagement of the library and publicly lectures at the public arts\nschool.\nJust a few architects\u2019 plans drawn by Paul Thiersch are realized. He\nturns to scenography and starts a class for set design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/V23-1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V23_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Since 1919, Thiersch has designed the stage settings for the local theatre in Halle. Oskar Hagen wins him over to design the stage for the Rodelinde performance. Thiersch arrives with his pupils from Halle. Together with them he erects the stage setting in G\u00f6ttingen. Hagen and Thiersch share the belief that they do not want to reconstruct the Baroque world. By means of modern tableaus they want \u201cto give old works back to contemporary life\u201d. Paul Thiersch will design the stage settings for the first four Handel operas staged in G\u00f6ttingen.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Stage design for the third season of <em>Rodelinda<\/em> by Paul Thiersch, 1923. <em>Rodelinda <\/em>was performed at the Festival in 1920, 1921 and 1923. The stage design was altered and further developed each season. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-143 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>2.2 Expressionism<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The inward outwards<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The word is composed of the Latin ex = from and premere = press. Hence, literally translated: to express. Expressionism means: The reality felt inside is shown to the outside world. The own state of mind and own emotions are transformed artistically. A realistic image of the reality is quite immaterial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">This new style unfolds at the end of the 19th century, firstly in painting, graphics and literature but then in architecture, music and dancing, too. Something familiar is shown in an alienated way and, therefore, facilitates new vision. The classical modern era starts with the expressionism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Soon after the end of World War I, the painting of the expressionism is replaced by other styles. The expressionism continues to have effect in literature, film, theatre and architecture until World War II. Particularly through the new medium film, many people become acquainted with the elements of this style.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-149 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Paul Thiersch (l) and Oskar Hagen (r) <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>H\u00e4ndel expressively<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><em><strong>\u00bbFor the modern man\u00ab<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">\u00bbIt seems to me that the stage settings made by Paul Thiersch favorably reflect the music of Handel<em>\u00ab<\/em> writes Oskar Hagen in the year 1920. Hagen and Thiersch deliberately do not want to put the baroque world on stage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Hagen believes that the music of Handel meets the \u00bbideal of the most modern expressionism<em>\u00ab<\/em>. He sees a \u00bbpsychological drama<em>\u00ab<\/em> in the arias. From his point of view, the extensive \u00bbamplifying<em>\u00ab<\/em> of the coloraturas provides the arias with an expressionistic character (coloratura = singing with a quick sequence of notes; several notes jointly fall onto the vowel of one syllable). \u00bbUnderstood in this way, the pictorial expressionism is very well reflected in the operas of Handel.<em>\u00ab<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">But not only shall the stage setting be expressionistic but also the body language. Hence, motion and dancing also form part of the artistic expression of Handel\u2018s music. Oskar Hagen repeatedly emphasizes that he adapts the operas for the modern human.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:80px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-156 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>Architecture and the stage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Color, space, and play<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Paul Thiersch actually is an architect. He becomes familiar with theatre constructions and designs already during his student days 1897\u20131904. He opens an own architect\u2018s office in the year 1909 in Berlin. Here, he comes in contact with the new reform movement. Most likely, he also goes to the theatre and sees the stage settings of the theatre reformers such as Max Reinhardt.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Stage design for  Xerxes: The house of Ariodant, Paul Thiersch,1924 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Since around 1900, the theatre reform movement has uncluttered the stages. The theatre pomp previously customary is given up. There is no longer any cluttered and detailed scenography, no pretending to be historically true. Abstract and sculptural architecture is realized. Terraces, walls and stairs open up new stage areas. Color, light and rhythmic dance-like movements shall transfer the mood, the idea of the play. This calls itself scenic expressionism. In Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, and Vienna, this is already realized before World War I. Now, in the twenties, it arrives at the provinces too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Final scene of Rodelinde reproduction 1921 at the Stadttheater G\u00f6ttingen, stage setting by Paul Thiersch  <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Stage setting from Xerxes at Stadttheater G\u00f6ttingen, 1924 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">As of 1915, Paul Thiersch manages the school of arts and crafts Halle in Giebichenstein castle. Werkbund and Bauhaus are forming the idea of a cooperation between various crafts and arts. Thiersch fosters this idea in Giebichenstein too. In the year 1921, Thiersch establishes a class for set design in the department of architecture. As of the year 1919, Paul Thiersch designs the stage settings in the municipal theatre of Halle, as of the year 1920 in G\u00f6ttingen for the Handel festival, and as of the year 1923 for the Old Theatre in Leipzig. To him, the stage setting has two functions. It shall be subordinate to the poetry and shall provide an increasing incentive to curiosity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:80px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-161 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-165 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-171 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>2.3 Rodelinda \u2013 Rodelinde<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><em><strong>\u00bbLoveliest music and splendid intrigues\u00ab<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Rodelinda is set at the Langobardic royal court in the 7th century. Central are: Rodelinda, seemingly widowed queen of Milan, Bertarido, legitimate king of Milan, Grimoaldo, usurper of the throne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The triangle relationship of these persons is the heart of the storyline. Grimoaldo courts Rodelinda and offers her the crown. But Rodelinda is still faithful to her supposedly dead husband Bertarido. The conflict increases when Rodelinda recognizes that Bertarido is not dead. She has to make her choice: does she make certain of her own happiness with her husband Bertarido or does she ensure his safety by marrying Grimoaldo. The conflict is solved not until the end of the play when both conditions come true: Bertarido protects Grimoaldo against an attempt on his life \u2013 thereupon he gets back the throne. Now, Rodelinda and Bertarido can get together again. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Handel scores Rodelinda in 1724\/25 for the Royal Academy of Music in London. This is an enterprise that offers Italian operas with all-star cast to the London audience. The libretto to the opera is written by Nicola Francesco Haym. He writes at least seven opera libretti for Handel, all in Italian language. Rodelinda becomes <span class=\"soundcite\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A04.mp3\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"53000\" data-plays=\"1\">Rodelinde<\/span> not until the translation into German is made.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light alignwide\" style=\"min-height:470px\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient has-electric-grass-gradient-background\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"4\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\">Chapter 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-176 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-180 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>3.1 <strong>\u00bbThat present-day situation\u00ab<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-185 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/V21.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V30_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The Treaty of Versailles and the \u201cGerman Vision\u201d by Oskar Hagen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1919, the end of the war is sealed by the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty declares Germany\u2019s sole responsibility for the war having caused the death of tens of millions throughout Europe. The treaty binds Germany to cessions of territory, disarmament and payments to the former wartime enemies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In Germany, the treaty is perceived as drastic, humiliating and unfair. This blow is expressed in an exaggerated nationalism, particularly in the civil society.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-190 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In search of new self-confidence art plays an important part. Art history tries to establish which works or artists are \u201cGerman\u201d or \u201cGermanic\u201d. It is worked hard on the myth of the nation of art and culture. Even music history has a try at academic derivations of the \u201cGerman\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1920, the book \u201cThe German Vision\u201d by Oskar Hagen is published. Therein, he develops ideas regarding art that are severely nationalistic. He thereby moves within the research circles acknowledged in those days. But he even goes beyond that. By his theses \u201cWe [the Germans] think with our blood\u201d he discloses a racist mind. There are similar trends in musicology. This also includes making demands on Handel \u2013 who lived 49 years in England \u2013 as a German composer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1933, the third edition of the book \u201cThe German Vision\u201d\nby Oskar Hagen is published in Germany. Hagen who has already\nlived in the United States since 9 years writes in the preface:\n<br>\u201cThe moment of this little book has come only now. It will, after the\nfeeling for the German nature has finally become awake throughout\nGermany, encounter hearts that are more open than in the years [\u2026] of the national disunity[\u2026].\u201d<br> With that said, he clearly acknowledges\nthe National Socialistic ideology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-normal-font-size\">Oskar Hagen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/B69.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/B69.png 800w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/B69-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/B69-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/B69-400x320.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>\u00bbThe German Vision\u00ab by Oskar Hagen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<br><br>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-195 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>George Frideric Handel <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Gervinus Georg Gottfried<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>A plaster for the German soul \u2013 <br>Handel\u2019s music<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Much is read into <span class=\"soundcite\" data-url=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/audio\/A02.mp3\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"60000\" data-plays=\"1\">Handel&#8217;s music <\/span> \u2013 though with the exception of the \u201cforgotten operas\u201d at first.\nGreatness and dignity but also popular appeal is attributed to his music. It is regarded as a\ndescription of the condition of the German soul. This is particularly so in times of social and\npolitical changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Georg Gottfried Gervinus, professor of history, is one of the G\u00f6ttingen Seven. In the year 1837, he is expelled from the country by the king because of his protest against the revocation of the constitution. In times of aberrations and commotions, so Gervinus, Handel\u2019s music is a rescue for people in a crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">These interpretations are developed further during the Weimar Republic (1918 until 1933). In the year 1921, the music-historian Hermann Abert rates the Handel oratorios as the first democratic art form. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">To Oskar Hagen, Handel\u2019s music expresses the agony of the German soul after 1918 that suffers from the lost war and its aftermath. This interpretation is similar to the one applied after the end of World War II in the early Federal Republic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The National Socialists see greatness and popular appeal united in Handel\u2019s music. It thereby becomes the expression of the National Socialistic ideology of the \u201cpeople\u2019s community\u201d. In addition, the baroque style in Handel\u2019s day is, on the whole, interpreted nationalistically and as a \u201cspecial performance of the German art\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the German Democratic Republic, Handel becomes an Enlightenment figure. Here, his oratorios express the ideas of \u201cliberty, equality and fraternity\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">All these interpretations ascribe to Handel ex post facto to have composed exactly for these reasons. But this cannot be proven by any historical document. What can be proven is that Handel was an ingenious and very productive man as well as a gifted entrepreneur. As regards the style of his music, he is a child of his times.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-199 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>An era expires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">After moving to the United States in 1924, Hagen hopes to continue with the adaptation of Handel operas\nfor the G\u00f6ttingen Festival from there. Paul Thiersch\nmentions in a letter that he and Hagen consider the staging of the\nopera Radamisto. The opera Otto and Theophanu shall be newly\nadapted.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>from left to right: Paul Thiersch, Hanns Niedecken-Gebhardt, Oskar Hagen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">But this does not happen in the year 1925. There are artistic differences with G\u00f6ttingen. Hagen\u2019s intense intrusions into, and adaptations of, the operas are no longer welcome. The Handel festival is continued not until 1926. Admittedly in German but without further adaptation by Oskar Hagen, the opera Enzio is performed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>The Akademische Orchestervereinigung (AOV) in 1927<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-203 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>3.2 <strong><strong>Subordination instead of \u00bbcooptation\u00ab<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft in the National Socialist era<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-209 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Walter Meyerhoff (1890 -1977)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1931, the Goettingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft is founded as a registered society. The\nmoving spirit in this step is Walter Meyerhoff. He holds the office as the managing director from\nthe very start and becomes the mastermind of the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft e.V.\nAfter Adolf Hitler\u2019s rise to power in January 1933, the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft is also being\nthreatened by the ideological \u00bbcooptation\u00ab, i.e. usurpation for the purpose of the National\nSocialists. In this situation, Meyerhoff chooses the way of preemptive obedience, the so-called\n\u00bbself-cooptation\u00ab. He wants to preserve a degree of independence thereby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Gleichschaltung (cooptation)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><em>Gleichschaltung<\/em> (cooptation) was the euphemistic term used by the National Socialists for the process of political and cultural Nazification. With the use of whatever means deemed necessary, including brute force, all areas of politics, society and culture were to be organized in accordance with Nazi ideology. It meant, for example, that existing organizations were incorporated into Nazi associations. The overall aim was to abolish all forms of pluralism (diversity) in state and society by 1934. Every area of human life was to be subsumed under the Nazi dictatorship. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><em>Selbstgleichschaltung (self-cooptation) <\/em>was the term used to describe the voluntary subordination or submission to Nazi requirements, such as the exclusion of Jews from clubs and associations.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-216 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V32.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V32_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-213 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>front row from right to left: Walter Meyerhoff, Pr\u00e4sidentialrat Heinz Ihlert, Geheimer Rat Valentiner on 23.06.1935<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The main victim of that self-chosen accommodation is Wolfgang Stechow. Stechow has a Jewish mother and therefore fits the anti-Semitic enemy stereotype of the National Socialists. Meyerhoff squeezes him out of the board in a morally questionable way. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, he fills the board with convinced followers of the Nazi regime. Hans Plischke, professor of ethnology, becomes the chairman and Herrman Muhs, NS-district president, becomes honorary chairman. This stroke is cynical and morally reprehensible without doubt. But later it becomes apparent that more radical cooptation attempts from Berlin could be warded off in this way. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, the alliance with the Nazis provides Meyerhoff with room for the artistic reorientation of the festival having started since 1934.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-221 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Forced to leave the managing-board<br>Wolfgang Stechow (1896-1974)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-226 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Wolfgang Stechow \u2013 like Hagen \u2013 is an art historian and works in the art-historical seminar in G\u00f6ttingen. Stechow is an active member of the Akademische Orchestervereinigung (AOV) already before the war. He plays several instruments. He is particularly esteemed for his piano playing. After the departure of Oskar Hagen in the year 1924 he assumes the direction of the orchestra of the AOV. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">His personality, his work and his dedication to the AOV and the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft are held in great esteem. But all this does not help or protect him. In the year 1936 he is pressed by Walter Meyerhoff to resign from his position on the board of the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft. This position and also some others are now filled with NS-figures from G\u00f6ttingen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Stechow in good company around 1922; Source: G\u00f6ttinger H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft e.V.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-231 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Wolfgang Stechow<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">As a protestant citizen with Jewish ancestors, Stechow becomes a\nvictim of the anti-Semitic persecution of the Nazi regime.\nHe immigrates to the United States with his family. Oskar Hagen\ncan place him in assistantship at the University of Madison\n(Wisconsin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">After the war, Stechow maintains contact with G\u00f6ttingen, visiting the city now and then since the 1960s. He becomes a member of the board of trustees of the Handel Festival. Stechow even gives a lecture at the Seminar for Art History, his old place of work. Seven years after his death, his widow Ursula Stechow bequeaths his valuable graphic collection to the Seminar of Art History and his estate is left to the city archive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-236 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>A career in the days of the\nNational Socialism<br>Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard (1889 \u20131954)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-241 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard is known as director of the Handel Festival. His name is closely linked to the Festivals from 1923 until 1954. He reads musicology together with Oskar Hagen in Halle. The latter brings him to G\u00f6ttingen for the third Festival in 1922.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Niedecken-Gebhard is greatly influenced by the free dance currently developing. That dance is part of the theatre reform movement. He regards the dance as an element of the music. He raises the \u00bbdancing style\u00ab to a stylistic device of modern opera art. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">He belongs to the few homosexual artists who are not only able to keep their position during the Nazi era but even to expand it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">From 1931 until 1933 he works at the New York Metropolitan Opera. But he re-leaves America. He regards the National Socialism as a chance to realize his artistic ideas. As for him, motion and dancing are an important form of expression in an opera. In order to be able to work in Nazi-Germany, he forms a bogus marriage with the set designer Lotte Brill.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard 1928<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-246 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Walter Meyerhoff and Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard on 23.06.1935 with Pr\u00e4sidentialrat Heinz Ihlert, who in 1940 became the director of the  Reich music board<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Niedecken-Gebhard cultivates the \u00bbThing plays\u00ab required by the Nazis as \u201ev\u00f6lkisch theatre\u201c. He stages the opening ceremony of the Olympic Summer Games 1936 as well as the 700 anniversary celebration of Berlin 1937. He is awarded the title of professor by the Reich Minister of Education. He lectures at two chairs, in Berlin and in Leipzig. In all these years, he continues directing in G\u00f6ttingen at the Handel Festival. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1945, he is removed from his offices and his chair in the first place. However, as of 1947 he is allowed to teach theatre arts in G\u00f6ttingen. Until his death in the year 1954, he had a formative influence on the G\u00f6ttingen Handel Festival.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-252 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:37.5%\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-light-gray-color has-very-dark-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"font-size:27px\">\u00bbI had to cross my best friend, Niedecken-Gebhard, off the list. At the time when we in America heard about the atrocities against the Jews, he continued to work calmly under the Hitler regime. The step was very painful for me. And he was deeply hurt, didn&#8217;t understand it at all &#8211; a nice decent gentleman, a strange example of German amnesia, he was, this phenomenon of plugging his ears with wax so as not to hear the screams of Auschwitz and Dachau, of putting everything away, down to the subconscious.\u00ab<br>-Vicky Baum, 1962<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:1%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Vicky Baum<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-260 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-257 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>3.3 Concealment and suppression<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-265 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Fritz Lehmann<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Fritz Lehmann is a musician and conductor. In the year 1923, he goes to G\u00f6ttingen and continues with his studies of musicology at the University of G\u00f6ttingen. During that time he becomes acquainted with Oskar Hagen. From 1923 until 1927, Lehmann becomes firstly choir master and subsequently musical director at the municipal theatre of G\u00f6ttingen. In the year 1934, he becomes the artistic director of the Handel Festival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1937, he enters the NSDAP thereby documenting his closeness to the regime. After a conflict with the district leader of the NSDAP Thomas Gengler in the year 1944, Lehmann calls off the participation of the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft in the Handel week planned in that year by the NSDAP. But Fritz Lehmann remains the artistic director of the Handel Festival. He holds that position until the year 1953. Together with Niedecken- Gebhard he is one of the most-influential figures of the festival in the post-war period. Until the closing of the opera activities in the year 1950, he also is the general administrator of the municipal theatre of G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">It is typical of the post-war period and the young Federal Republic of Germany that the National Socialism is not made a subject of discussion. Any accounting for the past takes place almost not at all. Germany suppresses the Nazi era. Past injustice is not named but shall be forgotten. In particular, the involvement of individual persons such as Lehmann and Niedecken-Gebhard in the National Socialism is ignored.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>from left to right: Fritz Lehmann, Walter Meyerhoff, Hanns Niedecken-Gebhard<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-269 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>45 years of dedication to the G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft<br>Walter Meyerhoff (1890-1977)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-medium-font-size has-very-dark-gray-color\">Walter Meyerhoff is a lawyer. In the year 1923, he comes to the\nregional court G\u00f6ttingen as a judge. After the National Socialists\u2019\nrise to power in 1933, he is professionally marginalized due to\nhis Jewish ancestors and political views. But he keeps his office\nas a judge. Meyerhoff also is an active catholic and supports the\nG\u00f6ttingen St. Paulus church. This earns him further personal\ntroubles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-274 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\"><strong>Walter Meyerhoff<\/strong> <strong>(left) with Percy M. Young (1912-2004), a British Handel-researcher<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<br>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The first Festivals are financed by the Universit\u00e4tsbund. On 22 March 1931, Meyerhoff founds the G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft e.V. The purpose of the society is the care of the works of Handel and the holding of the festival. The foundation of the association guarantees the sustainable development of the Festival. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1933, Meyerhoff squeezes the art historian Wolfgang Stechow out of the board of the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft. He meets with hostility from the National Socialists because of his Jewish ancestors. At the instigation of Meyerhoff, convinced supporters of the NS-regime are now admitted to the four-person board. Due to that fact, presumably, Meyerhoff is able to prevent the extensive \u201ccooptation\u201d, i.e. usurpation, by the NS cultural policy later on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">From 1931 until 1976, Meyerhoff is the most-influential figure within the G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft, initially as the managing director and later as the chairman. From 1945 until his retirement in 1958, he holds office as the president of the regional court G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Until 2008, the G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft e.V. had organized and financed the festival. Down to the present day, the association is the principal partner of the Internationale H\u00e4ndel-Festspiele G\u00f6ttingen GmbH founded in the year 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-279 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(73,166,233,0.85) 0%,rgb(82,224,219) 100%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:77px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ps2id-block-target\" id=\"5\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:60px\">Chapter 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-285 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival\u2019s development from a local project to one of the most <a>well-known<\/a>&nbsp;baroque music festivals in the world begins in earnest in the 1980s. Together, the artistic director and intendant develop new ideas and ambitious concepts. After World War II the cantor Ludwig Doormann lays a focus on Handel&#8217;s oratorios in his short period as  Artistic Director. In his two decades of  leadership G\u00fcnther Wei\u00dfenborn invites famous soloists like Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Julia Varadey, Hermann Prey or Marilyn Horne to G\u00f6ttingen. Under John Eliot Gardiner in the early 1980s, the focus of the Festival shifts to historical, faithful-to-the-original performance practices. This focus is continued by Gardiner\u2019s successor, Nicholas McGegan. The Festival has, and will continue to, become increasingly professional and international. The <a>current<\/a>&nbsp;duo of Laurence Cummings and Tobias Wolff  develops new formats for performances and events in a variety of different settings in the region around G\u00f6ttingen. Internationally acclaimed singers perform every year, and the development of young talent has become an important part of the program. The G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival has become an integral part of the international festival season. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Aside from G\u00f6ttingen, there are two other Handel festivals in Germany today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-image-fill\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80.jpg);background-position:50% 50%\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1957 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80.jpg 800w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B80-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong>4.1 Friendly interaction<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Amicable relations exist between the three German Handel societies. The respective other festival is visited on a regular basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The Handel-society in Halle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">1922 a first Handel festival takes place in Halle, the town of Handel\u2019s birth, too. Hans Joachim Moser puts a performance of the opera \u2013 under the title Orlandos Liebenwahn \u2013 on stage in Halle that is as historically authentic as possible. Moser (1889-1967) is a musicologist, composer, singer and author. He uses elaborate stage settings and baroque costumes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1925, the H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft is founded in Halle. In the year 1929, the second festival follows and the third in 1935 in honor of Handel\u2019s 250th birth anniversary. Since 1952, the Handel Festival has taken place in the month of June each year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-290 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Opening ceremony of the Handel-Festival 2019 at the market place in Halle, Photo credits: Thomas Ziegler<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-293 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1955, the Georg-Friedrich-H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft Halle is founded in the German Democratic Republic. The society defines their task as the \u00bbobligation to explore and bring to life as regards its sound\u00ab Handel\u2019s music. The main task is the publication of the scientific-critical edition of the complete works of Handel. This edition offers musical texts for performances all over the world and is the most important basis for the Handel research. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">From the very beginning there is an exchange with the G\u00f6ttingen H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft. There are visits to Halle \u2013 quite officially and on a regular basis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V40.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V40_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:11px\">Handel-Festival in Karlsruhe 2019: Morgan Pearse (Araspe), Jakub J\u00f3zef Orli\u0144ski (Tolomeo), Louise Kem\u00e9ny (Seleuce), Meili Li (Alessandro), El\u00e9onore Pancrazi (Elisa) Photo: Falk von Traubenberg<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft in Karlsruhe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Since 1978, the Badische Staatstheater [State Theatre Baden] has devoted themselves to Handel\u2019s opera works. In celebration of Handel\u2019s 300th birth anniversary, the H\u00e4ndel-Tage carried out each year were raised to the rank of a festival. The H\u00e4ndel-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe e.V. was founded on 9 October 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-298 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>4.2 What does \u201cfaithfulness to the original\u201d mean here?<br>Historical performance practice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In his adaptation of Rodelinde, Oskar Hagen makes numerous abridgements, rearrangements and transpositions (= alterations of pitch level). Under today\u2019s standards, this intense intervention appears disconcerting. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">This painting by Hela Peters-Ebbecke, 1924, oil on canvas, shows Oskar Hagen as a conductor. In his right hand, which is hanging casually over the back of the chair, he holds a conductor\u2019s baton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The painting is a present from the Universit\u00e4tsbund to the university and currently in possession of the Art Historian Seminar and the Arts Collection of the University of G\u00f6ttingen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-301 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The idea of a reproduction of the operas of Georg Friedrich Handel that is oriented towards the sound of the time of creation is of no relevance in the year 1920. The main concern of Oskar Hagen and his fellow soldiers is to use Handel\u2019s works for aesthetic innovation. Until the 19th century, the European concert life is characterized by the works of living composers. The performance of Johann Sebastian Bach\u2019s Passion of Mathew by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in the year 1829 was one of the first attempts to put the music of previous composer generations publicly on stage. Today, it goes without saying that the consideration of the performance practice of the time of creation forms part of the historical performance practice. The particularities of the respective historical instruments are taken into account. First steps towards a historical performance practice in today\u2019s understanding were taken in the year 1935 in G\u00f6ttingen with the opera Parthenope. The opera was put on stage unabridged and at full length.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V41.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V41_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V42.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V42.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-304 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87-741x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1983\" style=\"width:556px;height:768px\" width=\"556\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87-741x1024.jpg 741w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87-768x1061.jpg 768w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87-400x553.jpg 400w, https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/B87.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:12px\">John Eliot Gardiner (left) with his successor Nicholas McGegan<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the year 1981, John Eliot Gardiner became the artistic director of the festival. With him, historical instruments and the contemporary understanding of historical performance practice also found their way into G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">That time is characterized by the countertenor Drew Minter and choreographs specialized in baroque dancing. Those are: Catherine Turocy and her New York Baroque Dance Company, Sigrid T\u2019Hooft and the Ensemble Corpo Barocco or Margit Legler. Their direction style substantially goes back to the staging rules of the baroque.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>4.3 Handel: German? English man? European!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">George Frideric Handel is born in Halle. He lives there for eighteen years. Then he goes to Hamburg for three years. Subsequently, he travels around Italy for four years. After his return, he stays in Hannover for some months. Then, as of the year 1712, he lives in England for 49 years. In the year 1927, he acquires the English citizenship. On April 14th 1759 he is buried at Westminster Abbey in London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-309 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:21.9%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">When Handel is born in the year 1658, there is \u2013 different from today \u2013 no national state of Germany. There is the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. This is a rather looser association between the emperor and the imperial cities. There are several hundreds of territories which act independently. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation is no hereditary monarchy. The emperor is selected. The emperor never manages to actually unify the regional territories. There are borders between the territories; they have different currencies and languages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Handel rather would possibly have referred to himself as a citizen of the town of Halle than as a German. In Italy he is \u201cthe famous Saxon\u201d. The elder Handel has chosen the English citizenship. Hence, he is eventually an English man \u2013 with a very European professional life. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\">George Frideric Handel<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-318 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-312 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V43.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/43_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-316 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>A major festival of international standing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>The G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival today <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">On its 100th anniversary, of all years, the festival had to be cancelled. The global Covid-19 pandemic has severely restricted public life, and major events were not possible in May 2020. The Festival found a creative solution though \u2013 and organized a digital version during the program period. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">But this is not the first challenge the Festival has faced in its 100 year history. On its way to becoming a major, international festival spanning over several weeks, those involved have had to overcome numerous hurdles.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-327 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-321 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Over the past few decades, a number of new and creative formats have been developed to appeal to a broader public. Each year, thousands of visitors from across the world come to G\u00f6ttingen for the Festival. The development of young talent and networking across Europe are also an important part of the Festival program.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-325 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V44.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V44_en_neu.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:66px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>The film for the exhibition <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong><a><em>A Century of the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival<\/em><\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><strong>not only throws light on the Festival\u2019s fascinating history, but also offers a look behind the scenes of a major international production.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">For a glimpse of the 2019 production of the opera <em>Rodrigo<\/em> in the Deutsches Theater G\u00f6ttingen, click here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controlslist=\"nodownload\" controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V45.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/video\/V45_en.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">For the <a href=\"https:\/\/museum.goettingen.de\/ausstellung\/sonderausstellung-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">exhibition <\/a>H\u00e4ndel_ G\u00f6ttingen_1920 the St\u00e4dtische Museum G\u00f6ttingen and the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival produced a film. The videos of this digital exhibition show parts of the film. The whole film can be seen in the <a href=\"https:\/\/museum.goettingen.de\/ausstellung\/sonderausstellung-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">exhibition<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:51px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\"><strong>100 years of G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival 2020: The digital jubilee<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, there was little option but to postpone the Festival\u2019s centennial celebrations by an entire year. In its place, a digital program was quickly organized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p align=\"center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/fO0qrgqjTlE\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Artists of this year\u2019s Festival have recorded short musical contributions at home or opened their archives. Tobias Wolff has arranged digital appointments with some interesting discussion partners for several talks. An artistic contribution took place every morning and there were entertaining discussions in the evening, supplemented by a few specials such as the Festive lecture by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Sandberger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">You can find the latest videos here on the front page, on&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fb.me\/haendelfest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u00bbFacebook<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;and on our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCnGF_sfWPif3mEDVJfxZLLw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u00bbYouTube-channel<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">In the \u201cDigital Festival\u201d section you find all the videos published so far, as well as a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.haendel-festspiele.de\/de\/programm\/digitales-festival\/programm-digitales-festival.html\"><strong>schedule<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;with all the contributions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p align=\"center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/p2FgRhNSVcw\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p align=\"center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/aW291rTp8c8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">The <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/museum.goettingen.de\/ausstellung\/sonderausstellung-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">special exhibition <\/a>H\u00e4ndel_G\u00f6ttingen_1920 will be in the St\u00e4dtisches Museum G\u00f6ttingen until the end of May 2021. The film <em>A Century of the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival<\/em> is part of the exhibition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">For further information go to: <a href=\"https:\/\/museum.goettingen.de\/\"><strong>https:\/\/museum.goettingen.de\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">Find further informationen about the G\u00f6ttingen International Handel Festival here: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.haendel-festspiele.de\/\"><strong>https:\/\/www.haendel-festspiele.de\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size\">This multimedia exhibition was designed and produced by<strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wetellmedia.de\">www.wetellmedia.de<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With the support of:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2041,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"cmb2":{"uhe_rest_metabox":{"uhe_rest_text":""}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2180"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2180"}],"version-history":[{"count":179,"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2603,"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2180\/revisions\/2603"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2041"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/haendelgoe1920.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}